Modern railways integrate rolling stock, trackside equipment, control centers, and communication networks into one tightly coupled system that must operate continuously and safely. High levels of vibration, temperature variation, electromagnetic interference, and supply disturbances are common in both onboard and trackside environments. As a result, all electronic subsystems in rail applications must be designed for robustness, electrical safety, and long‑term reliability in accordance with stringent railway standards. In railway applications, power supplies convert and condition raw input sources (such as high‑voltage DC bus lines or AC mains) into regulated low‑voltage outputs required by control, monitoring, and communication electronics. They must maintain tight output regulation and low ripple while withstanding input transients, brownouts, surges, and EMC disturbances typical of rail power networks.
